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2013/7/27------「應然」與「實然」政治學的區別

                          ------〈現實烏托邦的博愛政治如何可能〉(十一之一「摘要、目錄與參考書目」)

 

                        

 

因應新學期課程,決定將這篇幾年前發表的文章,分十一單元在「部落格」呈現,由於是「政治學與現代公民」的指定期刊閱讀,
如此,這樣,同學們就不須花錢「影印」了。

 

現實烏托邦的博愛政治如何可能

 

Is It Possible to Approach the Politics of Fraternity That Is Held as Realistic Utopia

 

中文摘要

 

    在這個應然價值被視為難以承受之「重」的經濟全球化時代,極少數金字塔頂端的人揮金如土,但大多數人卻度日艱難。過去從來沒有一個時代像今天這樣,跨國公司大老闆擁有如此大的權力,並透過對文化霸權的細膩操縱,合理化與合法化他們的所作所為。

 

    絕對權力必然伴隨絕對腐化,這是政治人性之惡。過去許多民族國家知悉,透過政黨的競爭輪替可以緩和這權力的傲慢與腐敗;但今天這個由國際強權與跨國公司主導的國際社會裡,有什麼樣的機制可以制衡這些國家以及一心只求利潤極大化的公司。本文主要闡述這個極不公平的實然世界,並嘗試以「自由平等博愛」推導出「現實烏托邦博愛政治」以呼應當前全球正義行動的開展。本文認為,藉由康德的「世界公民主義」與弗雷勒受壓迫者的意識覺醒,未來必須要有更多的有效機制,來制衡這極力宣揚經濟全球化的國際「政商複合體」。特別是在經歷了2008年全球經濟金融大崩壞的今天,更顯迫切。

 

Abstract

 

    The privileged elites combine money with power to do what they want, and the underlying population hardly gets their basic needs. Therefore, the practical ethics has already been taken for the unbearable heaviness at the age of economic globalization. As we can see, the chieftains of transnational corporations successfully establish the actually existing social order through carefully monitoring the cultural hegemony. Never have the capitalistic age like today, these substantial people rationalize and legitimize their behaviors without any formidable challenges.

 

    Those people who have absolute power frequently accompany with the inescapable corruption. With this reasonable comprehension of the above political axiom, people know how to eliminate the political weakness of national-state through the competition between the rival parties. Unfortunately, we still find no checks and balances if the superpower nations or the big businesses have huge decisions behind the control of international community. This article mainly explores the unfair bourgeois world, and supports the unprecedented development of global justice movements. From French Revolution’s ‘liberty, equality and fraternity’ to Rawls’ concept of realistic utopia, we regard it possible to approach the politics of fraternity. Whether to accomplish the Kant’s cosmopolitanism or to become conscious about Freire’s pedagogy of the oppressed, it is imminent to pursue a mutually acceptable scheme in order to confront the unjust enrichments of international ‘state-corporate nexus.’ Regard of the 2008 globally economic collapse, we could realize the necessary step much more.

 

目錄︰

 

一、自由平等與博愛

 

(一)、博愛政治

        1. 法國大革命與蘇維埃革命

2. 1960年代的遺產

3. 羅爾斯(J. Rawls)博愛政治初探

(二)、現實烏托邦

1. 想像烏托邦

2. 不怕被稱為非科學也要談論博愛

 

二、大企業正在接管民族國家

 

(一)、後殖民的挑戰

        1. 新興獨立國家的威脅

2. 當前弱勢國家的困境


        (二)、新自由主義的基本教義

1. 虛有其表的政治領袖

2. 全球貧富差距更為擴大

 

三、國際強權與大企業的為所欲為

 

(一)、一個好戰國家的編年史 


        (二)、大企業的為所欲為

 

四、全球正義行動的開展

 

(一)、穆勒的「自由民族主義」(liberal nationalism 


        (二)、康德的「世界公民主義」(
cosmopolitanism
 


        (三)、受壓迫者對抗文化霸權

 

五、國際間有效制衡機制的啟動

 

(一)、英美選民任重道遠 


        (二)、世界公民對大企業的制衡
 


        (三)、聯合國與國際經濟組織的改良
 


        (四)、突破英語系國家的國際觀點

 

參考文獻

(一)中文部分

中央社,2002,《2003世界年鑑》。台北:中央通訊社。

伍汀(M. Woodin)與魯卡斯(C. Lucas),2005,《綠色全球宣言──讓經濟回到升斗小民手上》。鄧伯宸(譯)。台北:立緒出版。

李維(D. Levy)、潘斯基(M. Pensky)與托爾佩(J. Torpey)(編),2007,《舊歐洲 新歐洲 核心歐洲──歐洲公民的時代來臨了嗎?》。鄧伯宸(譯)。台北:立緒出版。

杭士基(N. Chomsky),2003,《媒體操控》。江麗美(譯)。台北:麥田出版。

索颯,2003,《豐饒的苦難──拉丁美洲筆記》。廣西桂林:廣西師範大學出版社。

郭乃日,2004,《失落的台灣軍事祕密檔案》。台北:高手專業出版社。

赫玆(N. Hertz),2003,《當企業購併國家──全球資本主義與民主之死》。許玉雯(譯)。台北:經濟新潮社。

(二)英文部分

 

Benjamin, W., 1978 Reflection: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings. (trans.) by E.Jephcott. New York: Schocken Books.       

 

Bloch, E., 2000 The Spirit of Utopia. (trans.) by Anthony Nassar. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

 

Chomsky, N., 2000 Rogue States. London: Pluto Press.

 

    2001 Propaganda and Public Mind: David Barsamian Conversations with Noam Chomsky. London: Pluto.

 

2004 Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance.New York: Henry Holt and Company.

 

2006 Failed States. London: Penguin Group.

 

Freire, P., 1993 Pedagogy of the Oppressed. (trans.) by Myra Bergman Ramos. New   York: Continuum.

1994 Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of the Oppressed. (trans.) by R. R. Barr. New York: Continuum.

Gramsci, A., 1971 Selection From the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci,  (trans.) by Q. Hoare and G. N. Smith. New York: International Publishers.

Habermas, J., 2006 The Divided West. (trans.) by Ciaran Cronin. Cambridge: Polity.

Mill, J. S., 1957 Autobiography. New York: The Bobbs-Merrill company, Inc.

 

Rawls, J., 1999a A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press.

1999b The Law of Peoples. Harvard University Press.

2001 Justice As Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Said, E. W., 1997 Covering Islam. New York: Vintage.

Vico, G., 1999 New Science: Principles of the New Science Concerning the Common Nature of Nations. (trans.) by David Marsh. New York: Penguin Books.

 

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