愛自己，愛這個世界

雅典學園

德性之夢，不再甜美如初：

亞里斯多德德性優越意識之批判
       

A Dream Of Virtue, Not So Sweet As Before: Critique Of The
    Superiority Complex Of Aristotelian Virtue

                王賀白
        政治大學政治研究所博士班
            Herbert Wang
        Graduate School of Political Science,
        Cheng-Chih University

        摘要
        中文：

        本文為政治人類學的嘗試之作。筆者認為人類社會從最初初民社會的「無政治」（non-political ) 狀態，轉變為市民社會的「反政治」（anti-political）狀態，以迄我們在未來國際社會中所必須發展的「政治的」（political ）狀態。而亞里斯多德的德性優越意識學說，可說是市民社會「反政治」的典型縮影。因此，對亞里斯多德德性優越意識的批判，是我們未來建構「政治的」國際社會之前，首要且必須的鋪路工作。
        目前這個由西方文化主導的世界，俯首皆是亞里斯多德德性優越意識的影子：對弱勢者的歧視、對職業的歧視、對種族的歧視以及對自然理所當然的劫掠。而這正顯示這個世界尚未從「反政治」的市民社會掙脫出來。全文的重心集中在詮釋並批判亞里斯多德德性優越意識，將從《倫理學》的「德性之人」、《政治學》的「德性之公民」、「德性之希臘公民」以至到《天界論》、《自然學》與《形上學》的「德性宇宙觀」。
        本文認為亞里斯多德的德性優越意識，正代表人類社會初獲文字、知識的喜悅，而將這喜悅轉為優越的關鍵在於，個人有限生命的所知所言以為是絕對永恆的真理。從盧梭與羅爾斯著作的啟發，以至歷史學者麥克尼爾與人類學者李維史陀的呼應。筆者平凡的企圖旨在期望消解亞里斯多德及所有社會優勢者的德性優越意識，事實上，我們短暫的一生實只是宇宙之蜉蝣、滄海之一粟。

        英文：

        This paper was an experiment of political anthropology. The human society should have three historical processes from the political anthropology's view: non-political situation in the primitive society, anti-political situation in the civil society and political situation in the international society. However, the superiority complex of the Aristotelian Virtue was the typical prototype of the anti-political situation in the civil society. Therefore, to criticise the Aristotelian theory was the primary and necessary work to pave the way for the well-ordered international society in the future.
        Unfortunately, the world is dominated by the western culture. We can easily see the influence of the Aristotelian superiority complex: the discrimination for the weak, the occupation and the race, even the acquisitive plunder for nature. The purpose of this thesis did try to interpretate and criticise the superiority complex of the Aristotelian Virtue, including "the man of virtue" from Nicomachean Ethics, "the citizen of virtue" and "the Greek citizen of virtue" from Politics, and "the universe of virtue" from On the Heaven, Physics, Metaphysics.
        The forming of the superiority complex, as this thesis pointed, can be explained as the delight from when the people got the written language and knowledge, but the cause of transforming the delight to the superiority complex attributed to the individual regarded himself as eternal being instead of temporal one. Inspired by the work of Rousseau and Rawls, this paper also got the resonance from the historian McNeill and the anthropologist Levi-Strauss. The ordinary intention of this paper is to relieve Aristotle and the priviledged class of their superior consciousness.Just as John Rawls said:
        "This reasonable society is neither a society of saints nor a society of the self-centered. It is very much a part of our ordinary human world, not a world we think of much virtue, until we find outselves without it"(1993:54).

        關鍵詞

        德性（virtue），優越意識（superiority complex ），善（good），幸福
    （ happiness ）

        謝詞

        本文由「西洋古代政治思想」學期報告改寫而來，在此感謝江宜樺老師的鼓
    勵。